Sulfate toxicity to early life stages of European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in soft freshwater

Sulfate occurs naturally in the aquatic environment but its elevated levels can be toxic to life freshwater environments. We investigated toxicity of sulfate humic, soft whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) from fertilization eggs hatching i.e. during critical phases early development. Anadromous Kokemäenjoki white?sh and sperm fertilization, embryos larvae were exposed long-term 175-day incubation seven different sodium (Na2SO4) concentrations 44 2 000 mg SO4 L?1. Endpoint variables success, offspring survival larval growth. Egg embryonic development most sensitive developmental stages sulfate, although success decreased only highest concentration The late period, 5-day period was high no difference between control treatments observed. LC50-values for entire 1 413 161 L?1, respectively. NOEC (No-observed Effect Concentration) both periods 207 tolerance seems on same level as other salmonids’ stages.